Nephrology topics for General Physicians
How nephrology is tested
Written for DHA, SMLE, DOH, QCHP, OMSB, MOH, NHRA and Kuwait MOH — the same GP licensing mix, not a nephrology specialist paper.
Nephrology on DHA, SMLE, DOH, QCHP, OMSB, MOH, NHRA and Kuwait MOH is KDIGO AKI, CKD referral thresholds, potassium/sodium emergencies and simple acid-base — not transplant immunology.
AKI stems want the pre-renal vs ATN vs obstruction split and the first fluid or catheter. CKD items use eGFR stage plus ACE inhibitor, statin and referral rules.
Hyperkalaemia treatment order, hyponatraemia chronicity, and anion-gap metabolic acidosis are the lab puzzles. Glomerulonephritis appears as a nephritic or nephrotic pattern, not a biopsy atlas.
What is the usual first step in hyperkalaemia with ECG changes?
Stabilise the membrane with calcium, then shift potassium, then remove it. Gulf stems punish jumping to kayexalate while the QRS is already wide.
When should CKD be referred in these papers?
Falling eGFR, heavy proteinuria, or a rapidly rising creatinine — not every stage 3 patient. Know ACE/ARB continuation unless hyperkalaemia or a creatinine jump forces a pause.
How much acid-base is enough?
Name the primary disorder, check compensation, and pick the cause (lactic, keto, renal, toxin). Winter’s formula level is useful; six simultaneous disorders are not.
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